(图)Lingga 岛上的龙牙山 (林我铃《龙牙门新考》的封面图)
在明代《武备志》航海图里除了标示”龙牙门“水道以外,也记录了一座叫“龙牙大山”的海岛,就在苏门答腊岛岸外,当地人叫 Pulau Lingga。
“Lingga” 是“龙牙”的对音吗 ? 还是兴都教信仰里象征生命源泉,代表创造之神湿婆(Siva)的圣物?
真是巧合, 岛上两座尖形高山,在中国水手眼里真像两颗好大的牙,听当地人叫“Lingga” ,正与闽南人“龙牙”(“凌 gay”)对上了, 这传神的名字记录下来成了”龙牙大山“,”龙牙岛“。
(图)兴都教象征生命创造力的湿婆(Siva)的生殖器。
回到那条名叫龙牙门的水道, 自古中国以“门”命名的地方,指的是自然地形或交通道上的通道关口,在沿海地区则指水道或登陆口岸,例如金门、厦门、澳门等,南洋一代就有龙牙门和海门。
元代汪大渊《岛夷志略》里对”龙牙门“的描述是“门以单马锡番两山,相交若,中有水道以间之”, 于是水道附近有龙牙状的地标于是成为后人考证该地名的主要依据。目前主流的看法,龙牙门是新加坡海峡,地标就是今天拉柏多公园 (Labrador Park)那里靠南一角,曾经有的一块航海者有来辨认方位的大尖石(见下图)。 现有的考古依据提供14世纪新加坡河口贸易商埠的证据,跟龙牙门的具体联系有待进一步的发掘。
依我看来,当年中国水手看到的不只这一颗大牙,古代海上航行者是沿亚洲大陆南下(参考古代航海图),在海上航行日子里,左边是茫茫无际的南中国海,而船的右方有连绵的陆地山峦,这山脉不就是条“大龙”,若要到龙身(马来亚半岛)的另一边(西岸),就要在白礁处右转驶入一条水道,这水道里大小海岛(廖内群岛)错综如迷宫而水中暗礁满布,从海峡入口处望去,每一座海岛在水手眼里都是“牙”(见下图),这条水道就叫“龙牙门”,不管是圣淘沙那段,圣约翰岛边的那段,就是龙牙门。
我们今天可以想象当年古代中国水手远航闯西洋入龙口的冒险经历,帆船上包括汪大渊在内的每个水手、商人和乘客,都会打紧万二分的精神,小心翼翼地穿渡龙牙门,走访异域他乡经商贸易。
岁月让隔了久远的想象,犹添几分浪漫。
今天的“龙牙门”有了新地标,Reflection@Keppel 高级私宅项目, 如果你带着龙牙的想象,见到了这弯牙状的设计时,是不是会引起你更多的惊叹!
摘录自吴庆辉《从龙牙门到海门 – 新加坡海峡的二三事》演讲内容, 2011年3月23日,新加坡国家博物馆。
每个岛屿在南洋海域也被看作是龙牙门?真糟糕!那到底是哪里呢?
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